Policy Science: Analysis or ideology? By Laurence H. Tribe Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.2, No.1, Autumn, 1972,66-110.
In postindustrial society,it was said,man would increasingly live by reason rather than conviction….And in the limited sphere where ends themselves would still conflict, the task would be reduced to that of behavioral conditioning and reasoned accommodation—the largely managerial and technological province of a mature legal order.p.66
Perhaps passion was simply learning to pose as reason. After all, ideology has often sought to masquerade as analysis, deriving a power it could never justly claim from the garb of neutrality it has at times contrived to wear. In the past decade, I believe, the masquerade has reached new levels of sophistication and effectiveness.p.66
By the early 1950s, however, RAND had come to emphasize what is now called systems analysis, focusing problems in which there were no clearly defined objectives to be rigorously maximized….Even as RAND was shifting from operations research to systems analysis, policy analysis in general was being taken over by economists. Sparked partly by the 1944 success of von Neumann and Morgenstern in demonstrating how economic modes of reasoning could be applied to seemingly noneconomic problems,…in the 1960s,…first in the defense Department and then throughout the federal government…p.68
As Michael Polanyi convincingly showed some time ago, deeply personal appraisals play a crucial role in the evolution and testing of any scientific theory. Polanyi’s insight that such theories must rest on fundamental personal orientations toward the world—individual human appraisals of order, connection, probability that cannot be accounted for in purely empiricist, value-free terms-parallels Russell’s realization that the very existence of a meaningful science presupposes some knowledge independent of experience, and it derives added support from the arguments of investigators like Noam Chomsky that each living organism possesses “ a primitive, neurologically given analytic system…which…provides a specific interpretation of experience.”p.77
I have dwelt at such length on the extent to which arguments from the “original position” must yiel end-result principles for the reason that the choice of the “original position” as an intellectual device is ultimately motivated by a form of objectivism.p.81
Paradoxically enough, therefore, proceduralism in legal thought has served largely as an “economic” vehicle of concern for end-result maximization.p.82
The shortcomings of objectivism are as the below: (A)Collapsing Process into Result. (B)Reducing wholes and Blending Parts. (C)Anesthetizing Moral Feelings. (D)Narrowing the Role of Rationality.
The first danger arising from this sort of posture is the danger of all literal-minded devices: they grant what you asked for and not what you meant to ask for.p.102
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